What are signs of hypernatremia?

• A. Thirst, dizziness, and fatigue.
• B. Thirst, confusion, and muscle twitching.
• C. Muscle twitching, hyperactivity, and insomnia.
• D. Decreased appetite, nausea, and fatigue.

Answer: (B)

Thirst, confusion, and muscle twitching are significant signs of hypernatremia, which refers to an elevated sodium concentration in the blood. When sodium levels rise, the body experiences osmotic changes that can lead to dehydration at the cellular level.

Thirst is a primary response as the body attempts to restore fluid balance, signaling the need to ingest water to dilute the increased sodium concentration. Confusion can occur as the hyperosmolar state affects neurological function, as brain cells try to adapt to the changes in electrolyte levels. Muscle twitching may also manifest due to alterations in neuromuscular excitability caused by the high sodium levels impacting the balance of electrolytes that are crucial for proper muscle function.

The other options include symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, hyperactivity, and decreased appetite, which are not uniquely characteristic of hypernatremia and could be attributed to various other conditions or electrolyte imbalances. Thus, the combination of thirst, confusion, and muscle twitching distinctly aligns with the physiological responses observed in hypernatremia.